{"id":35483,"date":"2018-03-14T17:24:14","date_gmt":"2018-03-14T17:24:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.diaf-tv.info\/?p=35483"},"modified":"2018-03-14T17:24:14","modified_gmt":"2018-03-14T17:24:14","slug":"ce-que-stephen-hawking-a-apporte-a-la-science","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.diaf-tv.info\/ce-que-stephen-hawking-a-apporte-a-la-science\/","title":{"rendered":"Ce que Stephen Hawking a apport\u00e9 \u00e0 la science"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sans rivaliser avec le grand Albert Einstein, le physicien britannique a contribu\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re significative \u00e0 notre vision actuelle de l’univers et de ses origines.<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Stephen Hawking est l’un des plus grands physiciens de la deuxi\u00e8me moiti\u00e9 du XXe si\u00e8cle. Sa contribution \u00e0 notre compr\u00e9hension de l’univers n’a rien de comparable \u00e0 celle d’Albert Einstein (il le reconnaissait d’ailleurs bien volontiers lui-m\u00eame), mais ses travaux sur les trous noirs ou sur le Big Bang ont sans conteste fait date en astrophysique.<\/p>\n

Le physicien britannique a en effet choisi, \u00e0 contre-courant de son \u00e9poque, tr\u00e8s marqu\u00e9e par les d\u00e9veloppements de la m\u00e9canique quantique, de poursuivre les travaux de son illustre a\u00een\u00e9 sur la gravitation. Il a notamment travaill\u00e9 avec le math\u00e9maticien, britannique lui aussi, Roger Penrose sur les implications math\u00e9matiques des \u00e9quations de la relativit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale.<\/p>\n

S’il n’est pas le premier \u00e0 formuler l’id\u00e9e que l’univers a connu une phase de croissance initiale tr\u00e8s rapide \u00e0 partir d’un \u00e9tat extr\u00eamement dense et chaud (la th\u00e9orie du Big Bang), il pousse n\u00e9anmoins les \u00e9quations d’Einstein dans ses retranchements en d\u00e9montrant qu’elles pr\u00e9voient l’existence dans le pass\u00e9 d’un point unique de densit\u00e9 infinie: ce qu’on appelle en physique \u00abune singularit\u00e9\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Contrairement \u00e0 une id\u00e9e commune r\u00e9pandue, cela ne veut pas dire que l’univers \u00e9tait tout entier concentr\u00e9 en un point, mais au contraire que les \u00e9quations d’Einstein ont une limite au-del\u00e0 de laquelle elles ne parviennent plus \u00e0 rendre compte correctement du monde: une nouvelle physique est n\u00e9cessaire. Sur le plan th\u00e9orique, c’est un accomplissement majeur.<\/p>\n

Une \u00e9l\u00e9gante \u00e9quation<\/h4>\n

Stephen Hawking se penche alors sur d’autres \u00absingularit\u00e9s\u00bb de la th\u00e9orie de la relativit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale: les trous noirs. Ce sont des objets si denses (ou si massif) qu’ils pi\u00e8gent toute forme de mati\u00e8re ou d’\u00e9nergie qui franchit une certaine limite, appel\u00e9e \u00abhorizon\u00bb. M\u00eame les grains de lumi\u00e8re, les photons, qui sont les objets les plus rapides de l’univers et dont la masse est nulle, ne parviennent \u00e0 s’en \u00e9chapper.<\/p>\n

C’est en tout cas ce que l’on pense jusqu’\u00e0 ce que Stephen Hawking se penche sur la question. En introduisant un peu de m\u00e9canique quantique, il d\u00e9couvre que les trous noirs ne sont pas si noirs… Pour des raisons complexes, ils rayonnent en effet tr\u00e8s l\u00e9g\u00e8rement. Ils ont du coup \u00e9galement une temp\u00e9rature.<\/p>\n

Cette d\u00e9couverte surprenante est le plus grand accomplissement de sa carri\u00e8re. L’article paru dans Nature<\/em> en 1974<\/a> lui aurait valu le prix Nobel… si elle avait pu \u00eatre confirm\u00e9e par des observations. Mais ce \u00abrayonnement Hawking\u00bb est bien trop faible pour \u00eatre d\u00e9tect\u00e9 par les dispositifs actuels. C’est la premi\u00e8re fois qu’un th\u00e9oricien parvenait \u00e0 r\u00e9unir dans une m\u00eame \u00e9quation (tr\u00e8s \u00e9l\u00e9gante) les param\u00e8tres fondamentaux de la relativit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale et ceux de la m\u00e9canique quantique.<\/p>\n

Pour tous les curieux qui souhaiteraient en savoir plus, le magazine La Recherche<\/em> avait consacr\u00e9 un dossier sp\u00e9cial passionnant en 2013, diffus\u00e9 gratuitement sur leur site internet \u00e0 l’occasion du d\u00e9c\u00e8s du physicien<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Comme la plupart des grands th\u00e9oriciens, Stephen Hawking fit ses plus grandes contributions \u00e0 sa discipline avant d’atteindre l’\u00e2ge de quarante ans. Un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne plus li\u00e9 au vieillissement c\u00e9r\u00e9bral normal qu’\u00e0 sa maladie.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sans rivaliser avec le grand Albert Einstein, le physicien britannique a contribu\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re significative \u00e0 notre vision actuelle de l’univers et de ses origines. Stephen Hawking est l’un des plus grands physiciens de la deuxi\u00e8me moiti\u00e9 du XXe si\u00e8cle. Sa contribution \u00e0 notre compr\u00e9hension de l’univers n’a rien de comparable \u00e0 celle d’Albert Einstein […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":304,"featured_media":35484,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[84],"tags":[555,5338],"yoast_head":"\nCe que Stephen Hawking a apport\u00e9 \u00e0 la science - DIAF TV<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Sans rivaliser avec le grand Albert Einstein, le physicien Stephen Hawking a contribu\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re significative \u00e0 notre vision actuelle de l'univers et de ses origines.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.diaf-tv.info\/ce-que-stephen-hawking-a-apporte-a-la-science\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ce que Stephen Hawking a apport\u00e9 \u00e0 la science - 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